Monday, March 14, 2011

YTL Comms to launch Android phones in June


By B.K. SIDHU
bksidhu@thestar.com.my

It sells nearly 7,000 WiMAX-enabled handsets in 3 days

KUALA LUMPUR: In just three days YTL Communications Bhd (YTL Comms) has managed to sell nearly 7,000 units of its first two WiMAX-enabled handsets and in June it will launch the next-generation smartphones running on the Android platform, said executive chairman Tan Sri Francis Yeoh.

WiMAX-enabled handphones are limited in supply but since Friday two new models, Yes Buzz and Yes Zoom, were made available, priced at RM488 and RM399 respectively. These devices can be integrated seamlessly with other Yes 4G devices with a single Yes ID.

Since the launch of its Yes service in November, YTL Comms has drawn more than 100,000 active users to its network. According to Yeoh, the next target segment is the over 400,000 students in the country.

“We are telling them (the students) to taste the power of 4G. A lot of people (only) know the power of (our network when they get onto our network). Every month we are getting more and more users on our network.

Tan Sri Francis Yeoh holding the latest Yes Buzz handphone. He says the next target segment for YTL Comms is the over 400,000 students in the country.
 
“Once on our network, you can download movies at a very fast speed, listen to Stanford University education content on Stanford on iTunes at very affordable rates, and even use the mobile video chat, FaceTime on iPhone 4.

“FaceTime allows an incredible amount of versatility with this video-conferencing tool and when you are on Yes, there is no issue of throttling or buffering,''' he told StarBiz in an interview.

Yeoh said that even migrant workers were using Yes and not just for voice calls; they use chat and video transfer and find “our nine sen per minute pricing very affordable.”

“They are emailing pictures back to their country and this is a shift we have not seen before. This goes to show that multimedia is here,'' he said.

The nine sen pay-as-you-go service is for 3MB (megabytes) of data, a one-minute voice call or one SMS.
On Friday, the company launched two Yes Valuepacks, priced at RM68 and RM150 a month, which offer 3.5GB and 10GB of data usage respectively. On top of mobile data, users get to make 250 minutes of voice calls and send 250 text messages a month.

The Yes Buzz is a mobile phone that doubles as a mobile Internet device which can connect to the Yes network, allowing users to browse the Internet on top of making voice calls and sending text messages.

YTL Comms' WiMAX network covers 60% of the populated areas and by year-end, it will be 80%. The company is investing RM2.5bil in the venture. Yeoh declined to say when the company will break even but a source said, “we reckon it would take about two years.''

Asked how many users are able to use the network without it getting congested, Yeoh said: “Our network can cater to 15 million users without us putting in more investments.''

So the challenge for the company going forward is to get as many users as it can to use its network since it has a lot of capacity to offer.

“People are buzzing on the Buzz; something is surely happening with nine sen a minute,'' he said.

Asked about market share, Yeoh said: “We believe our share of mobile Internet is 100%. No (player) has nationwide (coverage) for mobile Internet as we have and you can go to any part of the North-South Expressway and still get our service.''

Analysts tracking the sector are unable to give exact wireless broadband numbers, nor is the data updated on the regulator's website.

But going by mobile users, Maxis Bhd had 12.9 million users at the end of last year, Celcom Axiata Bhd, 11.2 million and DiGi.Com Bhd, 8.7 million.

By market share, analysts' data point to Maxis having about 40%, Celcom, 33%, DiGi.Com, 26%, and U Mobile, 0.7%. The balance is shared by others including mobile virtual network operators.

Thus far Yes 4G has carried over one million minutes of voice calls, 670,000 SMSes and over 104 terabytes of data traffic. Of the 100,000 active subscribers, Yeoh said there was an equal number with huddle and dongles.

Thursday, March 10, 2011

YTL launches smartphone to capture WiMAX segment

Written by Aishah Mustapha    Thursday, 10 March 2011 11:29

KUALA LUMPUR: YTL Communications Sdn Bhd (YTL Comms) launched its first WiMAX phone last week in a move to cement its position in the industry.

The introduction of the WiMAX phone called Yes Buzz, a smartphone by Samsung, would plug a hole in the market that lacks WiMAX devices needed for a long-term catalyst.

Although viewed positively by analysts, the fact remains that both voice and data market is highly competitive.

According to an industry source, the churn rate for voice prepaid services can reach up to 50%, making the landscape tightly contested. Furthermore, mobile penetration is already at 110% of the population.

“Smart phone penetration is still low for the telcos. With just one phone out, YTL needs to ensure that it catches the market fast while it is still growing. The market lacks 4G devices as it is,” said the industry source.

The group will be looking at launching several smart devices throughout the year.

YTL has chalked up an estimated 100,000 active subscribers for its broadband services since its launch in November last year. Based on rough calculations, this gives a subscriber acquisition of over 25,000 a month since its launch.

To put this in comparison over three months of 4QFY10 ended Dec 31, mobile broadband leader Celcom added 54,000 subscribers, Maxis added 70,000 subscribers while WiMAX player P1 added 56,000 subscribers.

YTL Comms also registered maiden revenue contribution towards parent YTL Power International (YTLP) for its 1HFY11 results ended Dec 31. The WiMAX segment contributed a cumulative RM4.7 million to YTLP’s revenue with a cumulative pretax loss of RM27.7 million for 1HFY11. Meanwhile, Green Packet continued to be in the red, incurring a pretax loss of RM99.8 million for 4QFY10 ended Dec 31.

Analysts have noted that the WiMAX business will undergo a long gestation period to break even, especially given that RM2.5 billion will be invested into the network and operations over five years.

However, YTLP’s foray into the telco sector has made several research houses cautious of its future earnings, with the possibility of the WiMAX business hurting its stable earnings.

JP Morgan highlighted the potential risks to earnings from its WiMAX entry, thereby changing YTLP’s earnings profile. The research house has maintained an “underweight” rating on YTLP.

“We also remain particularly cautious on the group’s WiMAX operation (launched in Nov-10), which changes the earnings profile and could provide downside risk to earnings (and potentially dividends) should operational start-up losses escalate beyond expectations.

For now, the group’s gross cash position of RM7.8 billion and attractive payment terms for its capex should help minimise the risk of any material cuts in dividends,” it said.

ECM Libra maintained a “hold” on YTLP, and said it is awaiting management guidance on the new WiMAX business that could potentially introduce a downside to its net dividend forecast.

“As YTLP’s earnings are largely within expectations, we leave our earnings estimates unchanged. On its new WIMAX business, we await management guidance and have yet to impute it into our forecasts. Pending clarification from management, we highlight the potential downside risk to our net dividend forecast of 15 sen,” it said.


This article appeared in The Edge Financial Daily, March 10, 2011.

Wednesday, March 9, 2011

KNM back to earnings guidance mode

PETALING JAYA: After a two-year hiatus, the management of KNM Group Bhd has started to give earnings guidance again.

According to AmResearch in a report yesterday, KNM’s management had met with analysts earlier in the week and guided earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortisation (Ebitda) of RM363 million for its FY11 (ending Dec 31, 2011), while the Ebitda for FY12 is targeted at RM564 million.

It added that the process equipment manufacturer for the oil and gas industry expects gross profit margins for FY11 and FY12 to be between 21% and 23%, which is higher compared with 19% in FY10.

Maybank Investment Bank (IB) research noted that KNM’s management expects to deliver a total revenue of RM2.4 billion in FY11 and RM3.4 billion in FY12, which is significantly higher compared with the total revenue in FY10, which stood at RM1.6 billion.

“KNM is confident of securing higher RM3 billion to RM3.5 billion new jobs per annum in 2011 to 2012 with higher quality (thus better margin) potentials. Order book backlog now stands at RM5.4 billion,” Maybank IB research noted in its report.

“Job momentum is rising with orders to come from key sectors; oil and gas, minerals, power, renewable energy and environment, and industrial services. Margins are set to improve, as KNM secures higher proportion of high-margin works,” it added.

The local research house has a “buy call” on the stock with an unchanged target price of RM4.35 per share, based on 14 times 2012 EPS.

Meanwhile, AmResearch in its report said KNM’s tenders worth RM17 billion could add another RM3 billion to the existing order book, assuming a success rate of 20%.

“We reiterate our “buy” call on KNM with an unchanged fair value of RM3.25 per share, pegged to an unchanged FY11F PE of 14 times — at parity to the stock’s one-year rolling forward PE average over the past three years,” it noted.

The research house has a “buy” call on the stock, with an unchanged fair value of RM3.25 per share.

While it seems like KNM is back in favour with the analysts, the same cannot be said of fund managers.

According to TA Investment Management’s chief investment officer Choo Swee Kee, the investing community is still staying on the sidelines when it comes to KNM due to the company’s unfavourable results in 4QFY10 where it saw its net profit plunging 64%.

“The 4QFY10 results have been below expectation, which come as a surprise to the investing community. Hence, we have to carefully evaluate the whole situation first before we increase our shareholding in the company,” he explained.

“We also need to see how the whole situation in the Middle East unfolds, as KNM has some exposure in the region. If things turn out bad, the market will be adversely affected,” he said, adding that the investing community is still waiting for more news on this matter.

Maybank IB research in its report yesterday said that while the crisis in the Middle East and North African oil exporting countries such as Libya and Tunisia is a concern, KNM has no operating presence in the affected countries.

It added that 24% of KNM’s order book comes from Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) while its manufacturing facilities are based in Jebel Ali in the UAE.

“KNM does not expect any job delay or suspension to its activities,” it noted.

Meanwhile, AmResearch in its report noted that talk of foreign acquisitions by KNM was purely speculative at this stage but management indicated interest in exploring nuclear energy projects, providing alternatives to fossil fuels.

KNM’s share price rose 12 sen yesterday to close at RM2.65.

Saturday, March 5, 2011

YTL Comms keen to launch 4G network in Sabah, Sarawak

Saturday March 5, 2011


KUALA LUMPUR: YTL Communications Sdn Bhd has expressed interest in rolling out its fourth-generation (4G) network to Sabah and Sarawak.

Its executive director Datuk Yeoh Seok Hong told reporters yesterday that the company would like to roll out its 4G services there, pending spectrum license approval from the Malaysian Communication and Multimedia Commission (MCMC).

He was speaking at the company's launch of new 4G mobile Internet service packages and devices. YTL Communications' 4G service is known as Yes and was launched last November in Peninsular Malaysia.
Since the launch, Yes had achieved one million voice minutes, 670,000 text messages and more than 104 terabytes of data traffic, said YTL Communications chief executive officer Wing K. Lee.

He said YTL Communications' 4G service was three to five times faster than any network and had had some 100,000 active users sign on since the launch last year.

“The coverage now spans the length of the North-South Expressway. We also launched our sales network in Penang last week, the first major market outside the Klang Valley,” he added.

Penang will have its first Yes Store in the Northern region, opening in April this year.
YTL Communications had invested RM2.5bil into its Yes 4G infrastructure and had 1,800 base stations built in Peninsular Malaysia with 65% of the population covered, said Yeoh. The aim is to have 80% coverage by year-end.

The company also launched two new Yes Valuepacks, which are effective next month, priced at RM68 and RM150 for 3.5GB and 10GB of data respectively. These plans are also inclusive of a set number of talktime and text messages.

It currently offers a pay-as-you-go rate of nine sen for 3MB (megabit) data, one-minute call or one short-messaging service but decided to come up with unbinding plans for consumers after listening to users suggestions.

Along with the new plans, YTL Communications also launched two new devices Yes Buzz, which is a 4G mobile phone and Yes Zoom, an all-in-one communications solution with built-in WiFi.
YTL Communications executive chairman Tan Sri Francis Yeoh said YTL's 4G network allowed for real facetime.

He said that given the rising trend in mobile data demand, the effectiveness of applications like mobile video conferencing relied on bandwidth.

Robust Yes subscriber growth seen

By June Ramlee

YTL group's Yes 4G has garnered more than 100,000 subscribers since the mobile Internet service with voice was launched 105 days ago.

The group is confident that a robust subscriber growth is imminent by the year-end.

YTL Corp Bhd managing director Tan Sri Francis Yeoh said it was looking at investing some of the RM2.5 billion it had set aside for Yes 4G to educate the public on the benefits of using a seamless technology such as Yes 4G.

"The reason is simple. Not many people know that the Yes 4G network is better than the 3G networks that most telecommunication companies are on.

"We are the first company in the world that can activate the facetime application on the iPhone 4, something that the 3G networks cannot do," said Yeoh, who is also executive chairman for YTL Communications Bhd at the launch of the Yes Buzz 4G mobile phone and Yes Zoom WiFi yesterday.

"With Yes 4G mobile Internet, it will give facetime (an Iphone application) speed, clarity and mobility. You could facetime while sitting in a car driving up the North-South Expressway. We will also power the new Ipad 2, three to five times faster than any 3G network and will also be cheaper per megabyte of data usage."

Yes 4G also allows one to catch live streaming of a YouTube video without much buffering, be able to download radio stations from other parts of the world and listen to them while driving, he explained.

"Do you know that Malaysia is the only place in the world with 4G coverage? They don't even have this in Japan. They are still on 3G and I get frustrated using their network when I am there," he exclaimed.

Yeoh said Singapore was the next Asean country to roll out the 4G network next year.

"We hope that with more countries in Asean on the 4G network, there will be more inter-connectivity between all other regions," he said.

Yeoh also said the group plans to apply for spectrum licence to provide Yes 4G in Sabah and Sarawak.

Yes Buzz, the group claimed, is the most affordable 4G mobile phone priced at RM488. The Yes Zoom built-in WiFi, meanwhile, is priced at RM399.

The latter enables one to connect up to 20 WiFi devices simultaneously and comes with a standard phone which allows users to make and receive phone calls while using their Yes 018 number.

 http://www.btimes.com.my/Current_News/BTIMES/articles/jrbuxx/Article/

Thursday, March 3, 2011

KNM Group said secured RM693m new orders in 2011

Written by Joseph Chin of theedgemalaysia.com    Thursday, 03 March 2011 19:50

KUALA LUMPUR: KNM GROUP BHD [] said it has year-to-date secured new orders amounting to RM693 million, underpinned by the bullish sentiment in the global oil and gas industry globally as crude oil surges to record highs.

“The current order book of KNM stood at RM6.4 billion and the backlog at RM5.4 billion,” said the company, which described it as an all time for the group since it was set up,” it said on Thursday, March 3.
KNM said its tender book was RM17 billion, which it said had significantly improved compared with the trough of the sub-prime crisis which was at RM10 billion.

Executive chairman and CEO Lee Swee Eng said the group’s strong order book would keep it busy for 2011 and 2012.

Lee said the current strong order win reflected a rebound of order intake and its strong TECHNOLOGY [] product line, adding that he expected demand for process equipment to be strong as new projects come on stream in Malaysia and overseas.

Hektar REIT looks to expand portfolio

By Yong Min Wei of theedgemalaysia.com   Thursday, 03 March 2011 15:18
                                                                                  

    KUALA LUMPUR: Hektar Real Estate Investment Trust (Hektar REIT), the owner of three shopping malls, is anticipating to increase its portfolio this year riding on its confidence in financing yield-accretive acquisitions.

Hektar REIT chairman and CEO Datuk Jaafar Abdul Hamid said its financing ability had improved in the past year and that its management team would continue to look for potential acquisitions of shopping centres in Malaysia.

"While there were no new acquisitions in 2010, we did identify some good candidates and conducted negotiations. Ultimately, we believe that improving market sentiment has prompted asset owners to hold on to their properties for now. We still remain in contact with them," he said in a letter to unitholders enclosed with Hektar REIT's 2010 annual report.

According to Jaafar, Hektar REIT is confident in its ability to finance net asset yield-accretive acquisitions as its current trading price range remained above net asset value coupled with access to affordable banking financing. He added that any proposed acquisition would require additional issuance of Hektar REIT units.

For FY10 ended Dec 31, Hektar REIT's net profit rose 5.5% to RM39.18 million from RM37.13 million in FY09. Revenue grew 3.6% to RM90.87 million from RM87.71 million mainly due to improvement in rentals and car park income in 2010.

It posted basic earnings per share of 12.24 sen in FY10 while net assets per share stood at RM1.32 as at Dec 31.

Hektar REIT on Wednesday, Mar 2 shed three sen  to close at RM1.29 with turnover of 94,700 units. The counter had traded to a 52-week high of RM1.35 on Dec 30, 2010 and a 52-week low of RM1.14 on Mar 2, 2010.

When contacted on Wednesday, Hektar Asset Management Sdn Bhd general manager, strategy, Lim Ye Jhen, declined comment on whether Hektar REIT would soon be acquiring a shopping centre but stressed the REIT was always open to negotiations.

An analyst familiar with REITs said a shopping mall in Petaling Jaya with a net lettable area (NLA) of about 400,000 sq ft which opened in recent years, has drawn the attention of several players lately. The mall is said to have easy access to several highways and a stone's throw from an affluent neighbourhood in the city.

"Several REITs have indicated they are in some negotiations to acquire medium-sized shopping centres and office buildings in the Klang Valley. However, they are tight-lipped on the location and didn't give much details other than the NLA," said the analyst, adding that there were malls with negative revisions as well.

As Malaysia's first "retail focused REIT", Hektar REIT's current portfolio consists of Subang Parade in Subang Jaya, Mahkota Parade in Melaka and Wetex Parade in Muar. Listed since December 2006, Hektar REIT is managed by Hektar Asset Management, which in turn is a subsidiary of Hektar Group.

According to its 2010 annual report, Hektar REIT's portfolio of shopping centres has a combined value of RM752 million as at Dec 31, 2010, a total NLA of 1.1 million sq ft and 95.5% occupancy rate.

On Hektar REIT's borrowings in 2011, Jaafar said it had secured an Al-Murabahah overdraft facility with two tranches worth RM184 million and RM150 million expiring in 2011 and 2013 respectively. Collectively, Hektar REIT's gearing ratio was 42.7% of gross asset value and the weighted average cost of financing as at end FY10 was 3.71%.

"The first tranche of debt at RM184 million expires in December 2011. We are confident of renewing the facilities based on our long-standing relationships with our bankers, who have supported Hektar from day one. Depending on market conditions, we have factored in a 40-basis point increase in financing rates for 2011," he pointed out.

On its strategy and outlook, Jaafar said the key in maintaining a shopping centre's strategic advantage was by offering a compelling tenant mix, stressing that the optimal tenant mix depended on a variety of factors including demographics, psychographics and level of competition.

"We continually conduct surveys on shopper demographics and receive informal feedback on a regular basis to fine-tune our understanding of market needs. Each market may have cultural differences with unique shopper demands," he said, adding it was important to refine the tenant strategy of each shopping centre to local market conditions.

Tuesday, March 1, 2011

巴菲特致伯克希尔股东的信(全文)

2011-02-28 18:51:09 来源: 网易财经 跟贴 134 手机看股票

网易财经2月28日讯 伯克希尔公司董事长巴菲特(Warren Buffett)2月26日发布了长达27页的致股东的信,他在信中谈到关于伯克希尔的业务模式与方向,以及自己的接班人问题,同时透露包括高盛与通用电气今年将回购伯克希尔持有的优先股,以下为巴菲特致股东信的全文。

关于保险业务部分和GEICO公司

现在让我告诉你一个真实的故事,这将有助于你了解一个企业的内在价值远远超过其帐面价值,而这个故事也可以顺便让我重温一下那些美好的回忆。

60年前的最后一个月,GEICO走进我的生命之中,而这也彻底改变了我的一生。当时我还是哥伦比亚大学的一名研究生,是被我的恩师本-格雷厄姆推荐过去的。

有一天,我在图书馆里翻阅《美国名人录》时发现本(Ben)是政府雇员保险公司(现在的GEICO)的董事长。当时我对保险业一无所知,同时也没有听说过这家公司。后来图书管理员给我看了一些关于保险公司的汇编材料,才让我对GEICO有了初步的了解,之后我决定拜访下这家位于华盛顿的公司。

但是当我到达公司总部的时候,门却是紧闭着的。之后我开始不厌其烦地敲门,一个看门人把我带到了当时公司里唯一的一个人面前——洛里默·戴维森(Lorimer Davidson)。接下来的4个小时是我的幸运时刻,戴维森十分详细地把保险业和GEICO给我讲解了一遍,这是我们美好友谊的一个开始。此后不久,我从哥伦比亚大学顺利毕业,并成为在奥马哈市(Omaha)的一名股票推销员。当然,我从 GEICO那里获得了不少建议,使我在一开始就拥有了数十家客户。而在和戴维森会面之后,我所投资的9800美元也实现了75%的盈利率。

后来,戴维森成为GEICO公司的CEO,但是他做梦也没有想到公司会在上世纪70年代中期(当时他已退休了)遇到了巨大麻烦——股票跌幅超过 95%!伯克希尔(Berkshire)当时购买了GEICO约三分之一的股票,后来由于GEICO的股票回购措施,这些股票在以后的几年中以每年50% 的涨幅逐年增长,伯克希尔因此而赚的盆满钵满。

1996年初,伯克希尔准备收购GEICO剩余50%的股份,这让95岁的戴维森大为高兴,当时还专门为此制作了一个视频来告诉大家他有多高兴,并希望GEICO能够和伯克希尔能够长期合作下去。

在过去的60年中,GEICO发生了很多事,但是其核心目标——为美国人节省花在购买汽车保险上的钱——一直没有改变。而围绕这个目标,GEICO已经成为美国的第三大汽车保险公司,占据着8.8%的市场份额。

公司现任CEO托尼·莱斯利(Tony Nicely)1993年上任时该比例为2%,当时这一数据已经维持了十多年。但是在托尼的带领下,GEICO发生了翻天覆地的变化,找到了既能保持承保率的增长幅度,又能降低成本的方法。1996年,我们以23亿美元的价格购买了GEICO公司50%的股票,这笔投资随后变成了46亿美元,收益率达到了 100%!而当时GEICO的有形资产净值也达到了19亿美元。而这其中还隐含了27亿美元的无形价值(经过我们的测算,GEICO公司的信誉值完全有这么高)。1995年,公司客户一共支付了28亿美元的投保金,而这其中有97%可以作为公司的收入。如果按照行业标准,这个数字比较高,但是对于 GEICO来说是完全可以实现的,因为公司的运营成本较低,持续盈利能力强,顾客忠诚度也很高。

今天,虽然公司的保费收入是143亿美元,但是我们给出的信誉值却只有14亿美元,这个数值是不会因为GEICO营收的变化而变化的。此外,在托尼的带领下,GEICO公司已经成为全美最大的个人保险机构,去年公司一共卖出769898份个人保险合同,较前年增长了34%。

财产保险公司通常预收保险费,后付赔偿金。在个别情况下,比如有些工人的意外事故索赔,赔偿金的支付可能拖延十年之久。这种先收钱后赔钱的模式让我们持有大量流动资金,我们可以为了公司的利益把这些流动资金用于投资。尽管投保人和事故索赔不断变换,但是我们持有流动资金的数额保持稳定。因此,我们的业务量增长,流动资金就会增加。

如果我们收取的保费超过支出和赔偿金,我们就获得了保险利润,再加上我们的流动资金带来的投资收入。实际上多年来激烈的竞争已让财产保险业承受了巨大的保险损失。这些损失就是保险业持有流动资金的代价。比如说,全美最大的保险公司State Farm,公司管理有方,却在过去十年里有七年时间承受保险损失。在此期间,该公司的亏损金额超过了200亿美元。

在伯克希尔哈撒韦公司,我们连续八年获得保险利润,在此期间的盈利总计达到170亿美元。我相信保险业务在未来的几年里还能继续获得利润。如果其他企业向我们支付费用来持有流动资金,我们还会从投资中获利。

多年以来,保险业保费不足以支付赔偿金和支出。因此,几十年来,保险业有形资本的总收益远远低于其他行业的平均收益,业绩乏善可陈。伯克希尔哈撒韦公司拥有雄厚的经济实力,是因为我们卓越的经理人在经营着非同寻常的企业。除了盖可保险公司(GEICO)外,我们还拥有两家大保险公司和数家小公司。

首先是伯克希尔哈撒韦再保险集团(Berkshire Hathaway Reinsurance Group),由阿吉特杰恩负责。他的经营融合了能力、速度和果断,更重要的是拥有保险业独具一格的思维方式。他从未让伯克希尔哈撒韦公司承担不合时宜的风险。我们比起该行业的其他公司来说更为保守。过去一年里,阿吉特杰恩大幅提高了人寿保险业务,带来了20亿美元的保费,今后几十年这种情形还将继续上演。

1985年以来,阿吉特杰恩给保险业务带来了300亿美元的流动资金和数额巨大的保险利润,其他保险公司的首席执行官无法与他比肩而立。他已经为伯克希尔哈撒韦公司增添了数十亿美元的资产。

我们还拥有通用再保险公司,由塔德蒙特罗斯(Tad Montross)负责。

实际上,健康发展的保险业务需要四条准则:1.明白所有的风险敞口都可能造成损失;2. 保守地估计任何风险敞口实际造成损失的可能性;3. 保费金额的确定要确保利润,包括未来的损失成本和运营费用在内;4.如果不能获得合理的保费就放弃这项业务。

许多保险公司通过了前三条准则的考验,却在第四条碰了壁。华尔街的急功近利,机构和经纪人带来的压力,或者是雄心勃勃的首席执行官不肯让业务规模缩水,导致许多保险公司以低价承揽业务。

塔德蒙特罗斯恪守四条准则,通用再保险公司在他的领导下拥有巨额流动资金,我们预计该公司依然能保持这种资金规模。

最后,我们拥有许多小保险公司,大多数公司有专属经营范围。他们的财报持续盈利,向我们提供了大量的流动资金。我和查理非常看重这些企业和他们的经理人。

下一页:制造业、服务业和零售业

制造业、服务业和零售业

在谈及制造业、服务业和零售业投资运作时,巴菲特首先解释了某些投资回报不佳的原因。

我对一些行业的竞争强度和未来走向出现了误判。我试图本着十年二十年的长期持有来进行收购,但有时候也难免老眼昏花。

巴菲特列举了四家创下各自行业销售纪录的公司,它们分别是电子元器件分销商TTI、房车及船舶制造商森林河公司(Forest River)、农业设备公司CTB和鞋业公司H.H.Brown。

此外,巴菲特还着重提及了一家同比进步最快的企业——NetJets公司,该公司2010年的市场占有率是排名第二位公司的五倍。事实上,自从 1998年收购该公司以来,NetJets一直处于亏损状态,但大卫索科尔(Dave Sokol)对其管理层进行了重组,并对公司的采购和支出作了合理规划,自从以后,NetJets才走上了腾飞之路。巴菲特在最后不无幽默的写到:

于公于私我都希望NetJets公司能够一直保持顶级优秀的表现,我和家人已经乘坐该公司的飞机飞行了5000小时(相当于每七个月就要在天上待一天的时间),将来还要再飞上数千小时。我们从来没要求什么特殊待遇,与私人航空领域中最优秀的机师们共同翱翔于蓝天,就是对我们的最好礼遇。

巴菲特又回顾了几家在制造业、服务业和零售业总榜上最赚钱的公司,他们分别是马蒙控股集团(Marmon)、伊斯卡公司(Iscar)和麦克林公司(McLane)。在列举完利好消息之后,巴菲特介绍了伯克希尔在家具建材方面遇到的困境,并列举了四家公司。但他认为:

房市将会在一年之内开始复苏,可能是在某一时间点上进行突破。这些公司是在实力强劲之时遭遇经济衰退的,等到衰退结束它们会变得更加强大。伯克希尔的投资期是永无止境的。

管制及资本密集型商业领域

在管制及资本密集型商业领域,巴菲特着重提及了旗下两家最大的公司:北伯林顿铁路公司(BNSF)和中美能源(MidAmerican Energy),两家公司的经营状况都不尽如人意。在介绍北伯林顿铁路公司时,巴菲特强调:

先前我就强调过铁路对于国家未来的重要性。鉴于美国人口的西进趋势,我们在北伯林顿铁路公司的股份还要进一步扩大。重任在肩,我们是美国经济循环系统中占大头的基本组成部分,有义务去不断改善铁路线。为了完成好这份职责,我们不止是要被动作出反应,还要预见社会的需要。我们不断增加的巨大投资会获得相应的回报,对此我有信心。明智的调控和明智的投资是同一枚硬币的正反面。

而在介绍中美能源的经营情况时,巴菲特同样语重心长:

至于中美能源,我们也享有类似的“社会契约”。为了满足客户的未来需要,我们需要不断增加产量。如果能够同时兼顾可靠性和高效性,我们会获得公正的投资回报。我对马特罗斯(Matt Rose)在北伯林顿铁路公司和大卫索科尔及格雷格阿贝尔(Greg Abel)在中美能源中所作出的社会贡献感到骄傲,同时我也对他们为伯克希尔股东们所作出的贡献感到骄傲,并心生感激。

融资和金融产品

这是我们规模最小的部门,包括两家租赁公司,分别是经营拖车租赁业务的 XTRA公司和经营家具租赁的寇特家具(CORT),以及全美最大的预制房屋建造商和融资公司克莱顿(Clayton Homes)。

去年两家租赁公司的业绩都有所改善,尽管基础较差。XTRA公司的设备利用率从2009年的63%提高至去年的75%,税前利润也随之从1700万美元增加到3500万美元;寇特家具的业务也逐步复苏,同时严控运营费用,两相结合,使其扭亏为盈实现1800万美元税前利润。

克莱顿去年建造了23343套住宅,占整个行业50046套产量的47%,该行业在1998年最为繁荣,当时年预制房屋总建造量达到372843 套,我们只占8%份额。去年的销售业绩本就不佳,而我在2009年的报告中提及的融资问题加剧了我们的压力。具体来说:美国政府的住房贷款政策偏好普通住宅,使预制住宅的价格优势遭到削弱。

克莱顿向预制住房买家提供的贷款比任何其他公司都多,我们的经验对致力于改革美国住房贷款政策的各方都具有借鉴意义。在克莱顿发放的贷款中,客户的平均FICO信用分为648,其中47%的客户信用分低于640,通常银行认为这些客户的信用有问题。尽管如此,即使在金融危机期间,我们的贷款投资组合业绩仍然表现不错。

我们的贷款客户可能因丧失工作、出现健康问题、离婚等原因而面临困难,但他们希望能保住住房,而且他们贷款的额度通常也与收入相称。如果全美各地的住房买家都像我们的客户那样行事,美国就不会面临信贷危机了。我们的成功法则是:收取合理的首付,且将每月还款额度与月度收入固定挂钩。该政策使克莱顿不致破产,也帮助客户保住了住宅。

考虑到现今美国的房价和利率都很低,购买住房对大多数美国人来说都是明智的选择。我自己就把购买住宅看成我第三成功的投资,仅仅花了3.15万美元,我和家人就获得了52年的美好回忆,而且今后还将继续受益。(前两大成功投资是购买一对婚戒。)

尽管如此,如果购房者的眼光高于其经济承受能力,而银行助长了他的幻想,那住房就可能成为灾难。我们国家的社会目标不应该是让家庭享受梦幻住宅,而是住进能够承担的住房。

下一页:投资以及接班人
 投资以及接班人

截止去年年底,本公司普通股投资获得10亿美元以上的市值。

本财报反映了我们投资各家企业创造的收益,这些被投资企业去年的未分配盈利超过20亿美元。根据我们多年的投资经验,这些未分配盈利已经相当于或超过市场收益。我们预计,本公司持有股份未来的市场收益将和被投资企业的留存收益持平。

我们此前预计了伯克希尔哈撒韦公司正常盈利能力,根据未来的投资利润做出了三次调整(尚未考虑到目前的未分配盈利因素)。

首次调整侧重于不利因素。去年我们讨论了持续获得大额收益的五笔固定收入投资,其中瑞士再保险公司(Swiss Re)将在2011年初回购我们持有的股份,高盛集团和通用电气公司可能在年底前回购我们持有的优先股。通用电气在10月份表示同意回购,高盛集团也同意提前30天回购,但是遭到了美联储的反对,但美联储可能在不久后批准高盛公司的回购计划。

这三家企业必须向我们支付红利才能实现回购,金额总计14亿美元左右,不过所有的回购计划都不受投资者的欢迎。回购股份后,我们的盈利能力将会大幅降低,这是个不利消息。

还有两个好消息来抵消不利影响,截止去年年底,我们在2011年投资积累的现金储备高达380亿美元。而收益率将有所提高,我们的投资收入将至少增加5亿美元,具体金额也许更多。短期资本市场的收益率不可能很快提高。不过对我们而言,在正常盈利能力预期中提高收益率是恰如其分的。在高收益率到来之前,我们能够把握运气,抓住商机,动用我们的现金储备,获得合理的收益。对我们而言,那一天不会提前来临。

此外,我们持有普通股的股息会日益增加。最高的收益可能来自富国银行集团。美联储在过去两年中不考虑银行业绩好坏,限制各大银行的股息。富国银行集团在经济衰退时期持续发展,目前拥有雄厚的经济实力和盈利能力,却被迫维持低支出水平(我们无意指责美联储的决定,出于多方原因,全面限制银行股息在危机期间合情合理)。

美联储有可能不久后取消对于股息的限制。富国银行可以恢复合理的股息政策,到时候,我们预计从富国银行获得的股息将给公司增加每年几亿美元的收入。

我们持股的其他企业也可能提高股息。1995年,可口可乐公司向我们支付了8800万元股息,当时我们刚买下可口可乐的股票。此后,可口可乐公司每年都在提高股息。2011年,我们将从可口可乐公司获得3.76亿美元的收入,比去年高出2400万美元。今后十年,我预计股息收入将比3.76亿美元翻一番。十年后,如果我们持有可口可乐的股份带来的年度收益,比我们的投资高出100%,我也不会感到惊讶。

总体看来,我们的正常投资收入将和我们2010年的收入持平,尽管这将减少我们在2011年和2012年的持股份额。

去年夏天,卢辛普森表示有意退休,当时他才74岁,我和查理芒格认为这个年纪对伯克希尔来说还很年轻,他的要求让我们感到吃惊。1979年,卢辛普森担任盖可保险公司(GEICO)的投资经理,在2004年的财报中,他的突出业绩让我感到自愧不如。卢辛普森从未自己炫耀的才能,我认为他是最了不起的投资人,我们都会想念他。

四年以前,我曾经说过,等到我和查理芒格、卢辛普森都退休后,公司需要聘请年轻的投资经理。关于首席执行官的职位,我们目前有多位杰出的候选人,但是在投资领域,我们还没有合适的人选。

找到多位绩效卓越的投资经理人是件轻而易举的事。但是过去出色的表现尽管重要,却不能以此判断未来的业绩。至关重要的是如何取得业绩,经理人如何理解和感知风险。在风险评价标准方面,我们希望找到能力难以估量的候选人:能够预计到经济形势前所未有的影响。最后,我们需要全身心为伯克希尔哈撒韦公司效力的候选人,不仅仅把这当做一份工作。

我和查理芒格找到了托德库姆斯(Todd Combs),他符合我们的各项要求。托德和卢辛普森的待遇相同,薪金加上和业绩相关的额外奖金。我们安排他负责收入延期和抵免业务,防止波动剧烈的投资受到不当支付的影响。对冲基金见证了普通合伙人的可怕行径,他们在上涨时获得利润,在下跌时让有限合伙人丧失此前的收益。有些普通合伙人会立即开设另一个对冲基金,套取预期利润,而不顾及过去的损失。把资金托付给这种经理人的投资者实际上成了替罪羊,而不是合伙人。

只要我担任首席执行官,我就会继续管理伯克希尔哈撒韦公司的大部分资产,包括债券和股票。托德将初步管理30亿美元的基金,每年会重新安排管理范围。他主要负责股票,但是不限于投资形式。其他基金顾问可能会分为“长期投资”、“宏观投资”和“国际股票投资”,我们在伯克希尔哈撒韦只有一种模式, “精明投资”。

随着时间推移,如果能找到合适的人性,我们将增加一两位投资经理的职务。每位投资经理的绩效薪酬,有80%来自于他管理的投资组合,有20%来自于其他经理人的投资组合。我们希望为每位成功人士建立一套薪酬体系,促进他们的合作而不是竞争。

等到我和查理退休后,我们的投资经理将会负责首席执行官和董事会委托的全部投资组合。出色的投资者具有良好的商业眼光,我们预计他们将在企业并购方面提供咨询和经验智慧。当然,董事会将对重大并购案作出决策。

我们对于托德的加入发布了公告,有些评论员指出,托德是无名小卒,对于我们没有找到声名显赫的经理人表示困惑。我想知道,究竟有多少人在1979年听说过卢辛普森,在1985年认识阿吉特杰恩,在1959年听说过查理芒格。我们的目标是找到一位资历尚浅的经理人,而不是久经沙场的老将。

下一页:金融衍生品
 金融衍生品

两年前,在2008年年度报告中,我向你们披露伯克希尔持有251个金融衍生品合约(包括那些用于旗下公司运营的合约,比如中美能源公司),现在这一数字是203,我们增加了一些新的投资,而一些旧合约已经到期或被解除。

这些衍生品均由我本人负责,它们主要包括两种类型。但都属于和保险相似的投资活动,即我们为他人承担极力避免的风险而收取费用,在这些交易中我们采用的决策机制也与保险业务相似。此外我们在缔结这些合同时预先收费,因此不会面临对手风险。这点相当重要。

第一类衍生品主要是缔结于2004-2008年间的合约,它们要求:如果某些高利率债权的发行公司到期无法清偿,伯克希尔将给予赔付。从这些合约中我们总共收取了34亿美元费用,在2007年的年度报告中,我曾表示将从中获取“保险收益”,也即我们的赔付将低于收取的费用。

后来我们经历了金融恐慌和严重的经济衰退,一些公司未能如期清偿债务,我们为此赔付了25亿美元。尽管如此,因为风险较高的合约基本已经到期,我们面临的风险很大程度上已经过去了。因此我们几乎肯定会按照原计划获得保险收益。在这些合约期间,我们还得以使用平均达20亿美元的无息流通资金。总之,我们收取的费用适当,这在过去三年的糟糕经济环境中保护了我们。

第二类衍生品则是所谓的“认沽期权”,我们为美国、英国、欧洲和日本的希望避免股价暴跌风险的投资者提供保险,这些合约与各种股价指数挂钩,比如美国的标普500指数、英国的富时100。在2004至2008年间,我们缔结了47项此类合约,收取了48亿美元费用,这些合约期限大多是15年。

关于这些合约的情况,我向大家披露如下:在2010年下半年,我们解除了8个原定于2021至2028年间到期的合约,因此支付了4.25亿美元,而原来因这些合约收取的费用是6.47亿美元。这意味着我们获得了2.22亿美元净盈利,同时在三年内无息、无限制的使用了6.47亿美元资金。

截至去年年底,我们还有39个认沽期权,这些合约我们总共收费42亿美元。它们将来的具体收益当然是不确定的,但我可以从下列角度说明:如果上述合约到期时,其涉及指数的股价与2010年12月31日相同,而外汇汇率保持不变的话,我们需要在2018至2026年间偿付38亿美元。

但在我们的资产负债表上,我们将这些证券的负债记为67亿美元,换句话说,如果相关指数不变,我们将在这些合约到期的那几年中录得29亿美元盈利,也就是67亿美元减去38亿美元。我相信股价很可能会上涨,如果这一预言成真,我们的收益将更大,当然这并非确定的事情。确定的是,在超过10年之间,我们将可以免息使用收取的42亿美元资金。

报告与误报:哪些数字在财报中算数?

我和查理发现了有利于评估伯克希尔、衡量其进展情况的数字,已经在前面提供给大家。

下面我们重点谈谈被忽略的一个数字:净利润,其媒体作用远大于所有其它数字。这个数字对大多数公司来说很重要,但对伯克希尔来说往往毫无意义。不管业务如何运营,我和查理总能在任何特定时期合法地创造想得到的净利润。

我们具有这种灵活性是因为净利润数字中纳入了投资的已实现收益或亏损,排除了未实现收益(及大部分情况下的亏损)。例如,如果伯克希尔某年未实现收益为100亿美元,同时实际亏损为10亿美元,那么我们报告中只计算亏损的净利润就将低于营业收入。同时,如果我们前一年有已实现收益,新闻提要中就可能会宣布我们的收益降低X%,而实际上我们的业务可能已大大改善。

我们有大量未实现收益可利用,因此如果确实认为净收益很重要,我们可以定期在其中加入已实现收益。不过,请放心,我和查理绝不会抛售证券,因为抛售会影响我们即将报告的净利润,而且我们都对“玩数字游戏”深恶痛绝。

总体来看,虽然存在某些缺点,但是营业收入能合理指导我们的经营。不过,它忽视了我们的净利润数字。法规要求我们向你们报告这个数字,但是,如果报告者强调这一点,则说明他们的业绩比我们的好。

我们的帐面价值计算全面反映了已实现和未实现收益与亏损。你们应该注意度量标准和营业收入过程的变化。

此外,我要指出,净利润报告变幻莫测。假如出卖股权的终止日期定在2010年6月30日,那一天,我们必须向交易对方支付64亿美元。证券价格通常会在下个季度上涨,使相应数字在9月30日下降至58亿美元。然而,我们用于评估这些合约的布莱克—斯科尔斯期权定价公式要求我们,在此期间增加资产负债表上的89亿美元负债至96亿美元,这一更改在应计税生效之后降低了4.55亿美元本季度净利润。

我和查理都认为,在评估长期期权时,布莱克—斯科尔斯期权定价公式产生了非常不相称的数值。两年前,我们通过签订股票买卖合同含蓄地宣称,我们的交易对手或其客户采用的布莱克—斯科尔斯期权定价公式运算有缺点。

但是,我们继续采用这个公式呈报财务报表,因为布莱克—斯科尔斯是公认的期权估价标准,几乎所有顶级商学院都开设这个课程。我们不得不按它计算,否则会受到指责,还会给审计带来难以解决的问题。因为我们的交易对手也采用此公式,如果双方的评估方法相差太大,审计就无法证明他们与我们评估的精确度。

审计和监管者借助于该定价公式的部分原因是它能提供精确的数字。我和查理认为,我们合同的实际负债远低于按该公式计算所得数值,但是我们拿不出准确的数字——我们提供的数字不可能比为政府雇员保险公司(GEICO)、伯灵顿北方圣菲铁路运输公司(BNSF)或伯克希尔哈撒韦公司提供的数值更精确。对此,我们并不担心,因为近似的正确好过精确的错误。

约翰肯尼思曾经俏皮地评论,经济学家最节省观点:他们在研究院学到的观点能用一辈子。上世纪七、八十年代,各大学金融系几乎都固执地坚持有效市场理论,轻蔑地称驳倒这一理论的有力事实为“反常现象”。(我一直喜欢这种解释:“地平说学会”(The Flat Earth Society)可能认为轮船环游地球令人讨厌、不合逻辑且不正常。)

我们需要重新审视大学教师把布莱克—斯科尔斯公式作为披露真相的现行方法来教授,也要重新审视大学教师详述期权定价的倾向。即使没有丝毫评价期权的能力,你一样可以成为非常成功的投资者。学生们应该学习的是如何评价一个企业,那才是与投资相关的一切。

下一页:别迷恋杠杆收益
 别迷恋杠杆收益

毫无疑问,有些人通过借钱投资成为巨富,但此类操作同样可能使你一贫如洗。杠杆操作成功的时候,你的收益成倍放大,配偶觉得你很聪明,邻居也艳羡不已。但它会使人上瘾,一旦你从中获益,就很难回到谨慎行事的老路上去。而我们在三年级(有些人在2008年金融危机中)都学到,不管多大的数字一旦乘以0 都会化为乌有。历史表明,无论操作者多么聪明,金融杠杆都很可能带来“0”。

对企业来说,金融杠杆也可能是致命的。许多负债累累的公司认为债务到期时可以靠继续融资解决,这种假定通常是正常的。可一旦企业本身或者全球信用出现危机,到期债务就必须如约清偿,届时只有现金才靠得住。

信贷就像氧气,供应充沛时,人们甚至不会加以注意。而一旦氧气或信贷紧缺,那就成了头等危机。即使短暂的信贷危机也可能使企业崩溃,事实上,2008年9月一夜之间席卷多个经济部门的信贷危机使整个美国都濒临崩溃。

我和查理芒格不会从事任何可能给伯克希尔带来丝毫威胁的活动。(我们俩加起来已经167岁,可不想“从头再来”。)我们永远铭记在心:你们,也就是我们的合伙人往往将毕生积蓄的很大一部分投入到本公司,信赖我们的谨慎管理。此外,一些重要的慈善活动也依赖于我们的审慎决定。最后,许多因事故致残的受害人依赖于我们的保险服务。如果为了追求额外的一点利润而使这么多人面临风险,那将是不负责任的。

我们伯克希尔公司承诺,将始终维持最少100亿美元的现金储备,为此我们通常都持有最少200亿美元现金。如此我们既可以承受前所未有的保险偿付(迄今为止最大的一笔保险偿付是因卡特里娜飓风带来的,高达30亿美元,对保险业来说是最昂贵的一次灾害),还能抓住收购或投资机会,即使金融危机也不会影响我们。

我们的现金主要以美国国库券形式存在,而避免持有利率略高几个基点的其他短期证券。商业债券和货币市场基金的脆弱性在2008年9月毕露无疑,而我们在此之前就长期坚持上述原则。

此外,伯克希尔过去40年来从未分红或回购股票,我们将所有的盈利都用于强化业务,现在月度盈利已超过10亿美元。在这40年中,我们的净资产从4800万美元增长至1570亿美元,没有任何其他美国公司像我们这样重视财务实力。

由于我们对利用金融杠杆持谨慎态度,我们的回报率略受影响,但拥有大量现金使我们得以安枕无忧。在偶尔爆发的经济危机中,其他公司都为生存而挣扎,而我们拥有充沛资金和精神准备去发动攻势。2008年雷曼兄弟破产后市场一片恐慌,而我们得以在25天内投资了156亿美元。